Federal Structure - GST, Election, Ration, Radio Frequency Spectrum Allocation: Yojana May 2021 UPSC

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India’s Progress after Independence
1950’s-60’s: Physical Infrastructure
Mid 1960’s: Accelerate Growth Process
1990s – Human Development focusing over longevity, educational attainment and command over resources needed for a decent living.
1995: Index for gender inequality - Gender-related development index (GDI) and gender empowerment measure (GEM) emerged
1997: Composite index for multidimensionality of poverty – Human Poverty Index (HPI) introduced
2010: Changes in HDI Calculations & form 2014 new parameters are
• Life expectancy: the minimum value is set at 20 years. The maximum value is fixed at 85 years.
• The minimum value for both education variables is set at 0. The maximum values for mean years and expected years of schooling are fixed at 15 and 18 years, respectively.
• GNI per capita (2011 PPP): the minimum value is $100. The maximum value is capped at $75,000.
India ranks 131 on the Human Development Index 2020. With an HDI value of 0.645, the country fell in to the medium human development category. During the same period 1990 to 2019, the life expectancy at birth in India rose by nearly 12 years, while the mean years of schooling witnessed an increase of 3.5 years. During this while, the expected years of schooling also rose by 4.5 years.
United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are the eight goals set by the 189 UN member states in September 2000 and agreed to be achieved by 2015. There are 8 goals, 18 targets, and 48 performance indicators. The following are the eight Millennium Development Goals:
1. to eliminate extreme poverty and hunger;
2. to achieve global primary education;
3. to empower women and promote gender equality;
4. to reduce child mortality;
5. to promote maternal health;
6. to fight malaria, HIV/AIDS, and other diseases;
7. to promote environmental sustainability; and
8. to develop a universal partnership for development.
Initiatives under MDGs
GOAL 1: ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY AND HUNGER
• National Rural Employment Scheme (MGNREGA)
• Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana - Gramin
• Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana - National Rural Livelihood Mission (DAY- NRLM)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram SadakYojana
• The Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
• Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana - National Urban Livelihood Mission (DAY – NULM)
• National Food Security Mission
• Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS)
• National Health Mission
GOAL 2: ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION
• Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
• Mid-Day Meal Scheme
• Early Childhood Care and education under ICDS
GOAL 3: PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER WOMEN
• Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
• Beti Bachao Beti Padhao
• Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya Scheme
• Incentives to Girls for Secondary Education
• Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan
• Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan
• Mahila Samakhya Programme
• Saakshar Bharat
• Kishori Shakti Yojana and Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment of Adolescent Girls – SABLA
• Support to Training and Empowerment Programme
• Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
GOAL 4: REDUCE CHILD MORTALITY
• National Health Mission
• Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS)
• Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram
GOAL 5: IMPROVE MATERNAL HEALTH
• National Health Mission
• Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS)
• Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana
• Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Yojana
GOAL 6: COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA AND OTHER DISEASES
• National AIDS Control Programme
TARGET 8: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases
• National Vector-Borne Disease Control Programme
• Urban Vector-Borne Diseases Scheme
• Revised National TB Control Programme
GOAL 7: ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
• National Afforestation Programme
• National Mission for a Green India
• National CFC consumption phase-out plan
• National Rural Drinking Water Programme
• Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
• Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT)
• Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana
GOAL 8: DEVELOP A GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT